- Trait approach
- Physical
- Based on body build
- Endomorph - a plump person was said to be sociable, relaxed and tempered.
- Ectomorph - a tall, thin person is characterized as restrained, self-conscious, and fond of solitude.
- Mesomorph - a heavy set, muscular individual was described as noise, callous and fond of physical activity.
- Based on body chemistry and endocrine glands(Galen)
- Sanguine personality - warmhearted, cheerful, hopeful, confident.
- Melancholic personality - shows depression, and sadness due too much black bile.
- Choleric personality - easily angered temperamental due to excess yellow bile.
- Phlegmatic personality - listless and slow due to phlegm.
- Psychological (Carl Jung)
- Introverts - are people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams, and so on.
- Extroverts - prefer the external world of things and people and activities.
- Social Learning Approach
Emphasizes the importance of environmental or situational determinants of behavior.
Person and situations influence each other in reciprocal manner.
Animus and Anima
A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex organs that only gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female. Likewise, when we begin our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. We come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women.
Anima -is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men.
Animus -is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women.
Animus and Anima
A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex organs that only gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female. Likewise, when we begin our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. We come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women.
Anima -is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men.
Animus -is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women.
- Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud)
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- Id - pleasure-seeking impulses.
- Ego - it obeys reality principle, and mediates between the id and superego.
- Superego - the internalized representation of the values and morals of society as thought to the child by the parents.
Psychosexual Stage
- Oral stage(1st year)- pleasure is located in the mouth.
- Anal stage(2nd year)- pleasure is in the anus.
- Phallic stage(3-6)- manipulation of the phallus is prominent, Oedipes and Electra Complex is present.
- Latency period(7 yrs old - puberty) - there is repression of sexual interests. Instead, social and intellectual skills are developed.
- Genital Stage(adolescents)- a time of sexual reawakening and the source pleasure becomes with someone who is outside the family.
- Phenomenological approach(Carl Rogers)
Concerned with how an individual perceives and interprets events, the child's phenomenology.
Phenomenological approach to personality theories are labeled humanistic- they focus on the qualities of human.
- Self -direction
- Freedom of choice
Also called self theories because they deal with subjective, internal experiences that constitute one's sense of being. Phenomenological theories emphasize their push toward growth and self-actualization.
